Abstract

The most used narcotic substance in Estonia is cannabis, particularly among individuals of fertile age. The effects of cannabinoids on reproduction are under-researched, as conducting human trials, especially on pregnant individuals, is challenging and ethically sensitive. Therefore, results obtained from animal studies are used, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Existing evidence suggests a negative impact of cannabis on both female and male reproductive health. Cannabinoids can cross the placenta and enter breast milk. Furthermore, intrauterine exposure to cannabinoids has been associated with adverse effects on fetal and post-fetal long-term health. Smoking cannabis during pregnancy can significantly affect fetal brain activity and nervous system development, potentially leading to adverse consequences for child development and brain function. Healthcare providers play an important role in providing guidance and information on the potential health risks of cannabinoids to reproductive health during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and in encouraging individuals of reproductive age to abstain from cannabinoids consumption.